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The number 2 is an object of the Fixnum class. This means that all Ruby has to do is implement the logic and code for adding numbers together in the Fixnum class, much like you created the bark method for your Dog class, and then Ruby will know how to add any two numbers together! Better than that, though, is that you can then add your own methods to the Fixnum class and process numbers in any way you see fit.

1

Kernel is a special class (actually, a module but don t worry about that till 6!)

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whose methods are made available in every class and scope throughout Ruby. You ve used a key method provided by Kernel already. Consider the puts method. You ve been using the puts method to print data to the screen, like so:

the heck they were talking about (Heather Won Tesoriero, Merck Loss Jolts Drug Giant, Industry, Wall Street Journal, August 22, 2005). The impact of the PowerPoint presentation in Mark s opening statement proved to last long after the trial. Six months later, Mark met with the Angleton jurors during a focus group to see what they remembered about the trial, and the jurors vividly recalled the speci c story and images that Mark presented in his opening statement.

puts "Hello, world!"

In object-oriented programming, the term object loosely means a collection of data (attributes) with a set of methods for accessing and manipulating those data. There are several reasons for using objects instead of sticking with global variables and functions. Some of the most important benefits of objects include the following: Polymorphism Encapsulation Inheritance Roughly, these terms mean that you can use the same operations on objects of different classes, and they will work as if by magic (polymorphism); you hide unimportant details of how objects work from the outside world (encapsulation), and you can create specialized classes of objects from general ones (inheritance).

However, unlike the methods on your own classes, puts isn t prefixed by the name of a class or object upon which to complete the method. It would seem logical that the full command should be something like Screen.puts or Display.puts, as puts places text on the screen. However, in reality, puts is a method made available from the Kernel module a special type of class packed full of standard, commonly used methods, making your code easier to read and write.

Although using PowerPoint helped win the day in Angleton for the plaintiff, that particular story is not yet over The $253 million verdict would be reduced to $261 million according to caps on such verdicts placed by Texas law, and the case is under appeal Later the pharmaceutical company s market capitalization recovered But what was unlocked in Angleton that July day was an example of the dramatic results an effective PowerPoint approach can have on a single presentation in a single room with a single audience The BBP approach had never been used in a courtroom before the Angleton trial, but since that day, its impact is still reverberating through the legal profession Today, if a legal team faces a courtroom opponent who is using BBP, they know that they have to somehow respond and raise the bar of their own presentations.

kernel. As with a kernel and its operating system, the Kernel module is part of Ruby s core, but there is no connection beyond that.

When you type puts "Hello, world!", Ruby can tell that there s no class or object involved, so it looks through its default, predefined classes and modules for a method called puts, finds it in the Kernel module, and does its thing. When you see lines of code where there s no obvious class or object involved, take time to consider where the method call is going. To guarantee that you re using the Kernel puts method, you can refer to it explicitly, although this is rarely done with puts: